The Art of Japanese Gardens

Japanese gardens are living expressions of art, philosophy, and humanity. Serene and meticulously designed, Japanese gardens offer everyone a space for meditation and appreciation.

Unacquainted people with Japanese gardens, however, may be surprised to discover that Japanese gardens vastly differ from Western garden styles. A possible result is that the Japanese garden experience would end up as a hit or miss.

Fortunately, there are practical ways to understand and appreciate Japanese gardens.

Whether you are a garden enthusiast or a curious want-to-be visitor, appreciating the beauty and tranquility of Japanese gardens can be a deeply enriching experience.

That is why we've prepared this informative guide to help you explore the types of Japanese gardens and their key elements, highlight some of the best Japanese gardens in Japan and around the world, and understand how to truly appreciate them.

What is a Japanese Garden

Japanese gardens (日本庭園, nihon teien) are customary gardens that are inspired by a set of Japanese ideals, aesthetics, and philosophy. They are designed to create a miniature idealized natural landscape, often in a highly stylized and intricate way.

A traditional Japanese garden. Photo courtesy of John S Lander/LightRocket via Getty Images.

These gardens are rich with symbolism and are intended to evoke peace, contemplation, and a profound connection with nature.

Furthermore, Japanese gardens have evolved through the years. Chinese culture, Shinto religion, Zen Buddhism, and even Japanese political systems have all played significant influence in creating the best Japanese gardens in the world.

"The Japanese garden is a very important tool in Japanese architectural design because, not only is a garden traditionally included in any house design, the garden itself also reflects a deeper set of cultural meanings and traditions."
-E.J.W Barber, Garden in Suzhou Museum

Instead of showcasing artificial ornamentation or highlighting too many colors, Japanese gardens achieve a grand effect on the senses through their intricate interplay of elements.

The arrangement of trees, ponds, and rocks, the intentional placement of evergreen plants, and the construction of the iconic red bridge---all simultaneously create a serene and exciting effect for the Japanese garden visitor.

That is why even the late Steve Jobs can't help but describe Japanese gardens as "the most sublime thing I've ever seen."

Also Read: The Best Places for Photos in Japan

Types of Japanese Gardens

While there are historical and cultural customs to what Japanese gardens should be like, there are many types of Japanese gardens that you can explore. Each of these is built for specific purposes like family leisure and religious expression.

Karesansui (Dry Rock Gardens/Zen Gardens)

Inspired by Zen Buddhism and the builder of gardens, Soseki Musó, Karesansui has become a popular type of Japanese garden since the 14th Century.

Ryōan-ji temple's famous rock garden. Photo courtesy of Wikipedia.

These are dry rock gardens featuring carefully arranged rocks, gravel, and sand raked into patterns. Plants are minimal in these gardens. In many cases, the garden landscape features oceans of sand or gravel and mountains of stones.

Karesansui or Zen Gardens have often been built as spaces for personal meditation. One popular example of this type of garden is found in Ryōan-ji temple in Kyoto.

Roji (Tea Gardens)

Roji is a garden designed to create a tranquil setting for the tea ceremony. These gardens feature a path leading to a tea house, along with elements like stepping stones, lanterns, and water basins.

A view of the roji of Shunsuro, a tea house at Sankei-en, Yokohama. Photo courtesy of North American Japanese Garden Association.

Unlike other types of Japanese gardens, Roji has a more complex structure and layout. For one, this garden is often divided into inner and outer parts. Both parts are connected by a path walk of stones, and the garden's structure must carefully lead the visitors to the tearoom or back to the garden.

Tsukiyama (Hill Gardens)

This type of Japanese garden mimics natural landscapes on a smaller scale. Tsukiyama features miniaturized hills, ponds with fish, streams, and even trees.

Suizenji-jojuen in Kumamoto as an example of Tsukiyama. Photo courtesy of Wikipedia.

Tsukiyama is popular among visitors and tourists because these gardens are typically found in temples and can be viewed from strategic locations. More importantly, one may take a stroll along these gardens and glory in the beauty of the miniature hills.

Kaiyū-shiki-teien (Promenade Gardens)

These large gardens are designed to be walked through and enjoyed from various viewpoints. They first appeared in Japan during the Edo period to complement the elegant houses of the elite citizens.

Katsura Imperial Villa in Kyoto features Promenade Gardens. Photo courtesy of Japan National Tourism Organization.

Promenade gardens often include a central pond and a circuitous path leading visitors through a series of picturesque scenes. Customary practice suggests that visitors do a clockwise stroll along its winding circular path.

The Japanese Paradise Gardens

Meant to symbolize the Pure Land (Jōdo) in the Buddhist context, Japanese Paradise Gardens showcase religious fulfillment and expression.

Enjoji temple in Nara features a Paradise Garden. Photo courtesy of Tale of Genji.

According to Buddhist tradition, this type of Japanese garden resembles a Buddhist paradise with the Buddha seated on an elevated surface or placed in the middle of a lotus pond.

Key Garden Elements

Appreciating these gardens involves looking into the specific Japanese garden elements that designers have used over the years. Each element contributes to a specific purpose.

• Water

Almost all Japanese gardens feature water. In Japanese gardening tradition, water symbolizes renewal and continuity.

A beautiful example of a broader, table-like waterfall at Ninomaru garden at Nijo Castle. Photo courtesy of Learn Bowdoin.

Water features such as ponds, streams, and waterfalls are central to many Japanese gardens.

• Rocks, Sand, and Gravel

These are essential features of a Japanese garden because they can represent a lot of things like a mountain, the earth, or even a flowing river.

"In order to comprehend the beauty of a Japanese garden, it is necessary to understand- or at least learn to understand- the beauty of stone."
-Lafcadio Hearn, In A Japanese Garden

An example of an intricate placement of rocks, sand, and gravel in a Japanese garden. Photo courtesy of The Home Depot.

With the intricate way that rocks, sand, and gravel are selected and placed, it's not hard to see why this Japanese garden element has remained an essential part.

• Garden Bridges

Garden bridges symbolize the journey between the physical and spiritual worlds. They're either flat or arched; they're also either made of stone, wood, or logs.

The iconic red bridge as part of Byodo-in Temple's garden in Kyoto. Photo courtesy of Japan Travel.

If they're part of a temple, garden bridges are often painted in red and have produced some of the most iconic garden images we know today.

• Lanterns and Water Basins

Stone lanterns provide soft lighting and are often placed near water features or along paths. Garden designers first exclusively used stone lanterns for tea gardens, but they have also used these elements for decorative purposes, too.

A classic tsukubai in the Newman Japanese garden with an Oribe lantern. Photo courtesy of David Stickel.

Water basins, on the other hand, also serve as part of the purification process before tea ceremonies. Later on, water basins have also been designated as a spot for drinking water.

• Walk Paths

Stepping stones or gravel paths guide visitors through the garden. They are designed to encourage mindful walking and ensure that key components of the Japanese garden may be visited.

Japanese Garden Traditional Pathway Styles. Video courtesy of Our Japanese Garden Escape Official YouTube channel.

Japanese Garden Plants

Plants are also important Japanese garden elements. Trees, flowers, and shrubs all have specific purposes in Japanese gardens.

While they may appear to have 'grown naturally,' Japanese garden plants are selected and grown according to traditional aesthetic principles. Moreover, Japanese gardens emphasize seasonal changes and incorporate plants that highlight different seasons.

Here are some of the most common Japanese garden plants and trees:

• Maples (Momiji)
  These trees are known for their stunning autumn foliage and are constant figures of reverence in Japanese gardens.

  

  Momijien Maple Garden in Niigata Prefecture. Photo courtesy of Enjoy Niigata Official Travel Guide.

• Cherry Trees (Sakura)
  Cherry trees are celebrated for their spring blossoms. They have become cultural icons of Japan and are found in Japanese gardens, too.

  

  Sakura trees in Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden. Photo courtesy of Japan National Tourism Organization.

• Pines (Matsu)
  Pine trees are also found in Japanese gardens. They represent longevity and stability.

  

  Japanese black pine in the Seattle Japanese Garden's entry courtyard. Photo courtesy of Aleks Monk.

• Bamboo (take)
  Bamboo symbolizes strength and flexibility. This plant is commonly found in Japanese gardens and can have multiple purposes.

  

  Bamboo grass made as fence of a Japanese garden. Photo courtesy of Lawn.com.

• Camellia (Tsubaki)
  Camellia flowers are some of the rare flowers used in Japanese gardens. A specific type of this plant is even referred to as the "Japanese rose."

  

  Camellia flowers in Himuro Camellia Garden. Photo courtesy of Kanagawa Travel Info.

• Azalea (Tsutsuji)
  Azaleas are also used as Japanese garden plants, particularly for color accent purposes in gardens.

  

  Azalea Festival at Nezu Shrine. Photo courtesy of Wikipedia.

• Cloud Tree
  Cloud trees appear as miniaturized trees. They are shaped using topiary techniques. The result is that when the stems are exposed and the leaves are cut into balls, the plant looks like a set of clouds.

  

  An example of a cloud tree in a garden. Photo courtesy of Japanese Garden Design.

• Japanese Cypress Tree (hinoki)
  They are popular trees in parks and gardens, often evoking a spiritual dimension. That's because they stand the test of time and they grow so tall. In many Japanese gardens, you'll find that the hinoki is often placed in strategic locations.

  

  A cypress tree growing in a garden. Photo courtesy of A Tree Garden.

• Moss
  Mosses add a sense of age and tranquility to Japanese gardens; they are often used as ground cover. For the Japanese, moss is considered as the garden's 'emerald carpet.'

  

  Moss at Tofuku-ji Temple. Photo by: Lisa Romerein.
  

Also Read: The Best Retro Cameras in Japan

How to Appreciate Traditional Japanese Gardens

1. Do Research
   Some visits to gardens may come randomly, but researching details about the garden helps you understand the history, culture, and style of the place. Also, you'll know which activities are allowed inside a Japanese garden.

   

   A caution sign found in a Japanese garden. Photo courtesy of Plant Galore.

2. Slow Down
   Take your time to walk through the garden slowly. Allow yourself to absorb the details and the overall ambiance. The gardens are designed for contemplation and should not be rushed.

3. Engage Your Senses
   Listen to the sound of water; feel the texture of rocks and plants (as long as it's not prohibited). Observe the interplay of light and shadow. Engaging your senses enhances the experience.

4. Notice the Details
   Pay attention to the careful placement of rocks, the subtle transitions in the path, and the harmonious blend of colors and textures.

   Each element is thoughtfully arranged to create a cohesive whole. If there are signs or descriptions, take time to read them.

5. Reflect on Symbolism
   Many elements in Japanese gardens have deeper meanings. Reflect on how the garden elements symbolize broader concepts like balance, harmony, and impermanence.

   

   Robert C. Burbank, builder of Moon Bridge in Portland Japanese Garden, sits down. Photo courtesy of Portland Japanese Garden.

6. Find a Quiet Spot
   Before leaving the Japanese garden, spend some time sitting in a peaceful spot within the garden. Some gardens have dedicated areas for reflection.

   This can deepen your connection with the space and provide a moment of personal reflection.

Best Japanese Gardens in Japan and Worldwide

Japanese gardens are found all over the world. Inspired by the Japanese tradition, many designers have built and maintained some of the best Japanese gardens in the world.

The list of the best Japanese gardens in Japan can be pretty extensive. Each town and city can feature at least one garden they can be proud of. Thankfully, the government of Japan has designated some Japanese gardens as "Special Places of Scenic Beauty, under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties."

Furthermore, Japanese tradition has also conceptualized "The Three Great Gardens of Japan" to highlight the most famous and best Japanese gardens in Japan. Thanks to their impressive design and history, these Japanese gardens have stood the test of time.

Kenroku-en (Kanazawa)

One of Japan's Three Great Gardens, Kenroku-en is renowned for its beauty in all seasons. Many have even dubbed it as the best and most beautiful Japanese garden. Its name roughly translates to "Garden which combines six characteristics.

It features expansive ponds, streams, waterfalls, bridges, teahouses, trees, flowers, and stones, all arranged to offer perpetual change and constant delight.

Kenroku-en in Winter. Photo courtesy of Visit Kanazawa.

Moreover, its location just across the famous Kanazawa castle makes it easily accessible to many people. The ancient trees (with a special support system) are a sight to behold throughout Japan's four seasons.

Koraku-en (Okayama)

Another of the Three Great Gardens of Japan, Koraku-en features expansive lawns, ponds, hills, and a beautiful tea plantation. It's designed for strolling and offers different views from various points along the path.

Korakuen's iconic shot as it sits on an island in a river. Photo courtesy of The Japan Times.

Koraku-en is found on an island in a river. Such location makes it extremely unique for strolling and viewing. Plus, there's also a parlor at the center of the garden where you can have the best view of Koraku-en.

Kairaku-en (Mito)

Designed in 1842, Kairaku-en, unlike many other gardens, was designed with the general public in mind. Its name is roughly translated as a garden that can be enjoyed together.

Top view of Kairaku-en garden featuring its plum trees. Photo courtesy of Japan National Tourism Organization.

This Japanese garden is extremely famous for its over 3,000 plum trees. Among the three great gardens, Kairaku-en is considered to demonstrate the spirit of spring.

Honorable mentions:

• Kokedera (Moss Temple, Kyoto)

• Ryoan-ji (Zen Rock Garden, Kyoto)

• Adachi Museum of Art Garden (Shimane)

• Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden (Tokyo)
  
  

Portland Japanese Garden (USA)

Often considered the most authentic Japanese garden outside of Japan, this garden in Portland, Oregon features eight distinct garden styles. It includes a Strolling Pond Garden and a Sand and Stone Garden.

A springtime view of the Garden's iconic Moon Bridge. Photo by Julia Taylor.

You'll find a waterfall, teahouse, and astonishing mountain views here as well.

Butchart Gardens (Canada)

Located in Vancouver, British Columbia, the Butchart Gardens have attracted plenty of visitors and tourists for over a century.

Butchart Garden's iconic view of their Japanese garden. Photo courtesy of Butchart Gardens.

One of the main attractions here is the Japanese Garden by the renowned Isaburo Kishida. The Japanese garden here features streams, bridges, and a rich variety of plant life.

Jardín Japonés (Argentina)

In Buenos Aires, Jardín Japonés is known to be one of the largest Japanese gardens in the world outside of Japan. It features a koi pond, bridges, and a traditional tea house. It's extremely popular among locals.

Jardín Japonés' iconic bridge and view. Photo courtesy of Turismo Bueno Aires Ciudad.

Honorable mentions:

• Cowra Japanese Garden (Australia)

• Tatton Park (United Kingdom)

• The Japanese Garden, Hamilton Gardens (New Zealand)
  
  

Conclusion

Japanese gardens are works of art and symbols of culture and history.

Appreciating Japanese gardens involves more than just viewing their beauty. It involves immersing yourself in the tranquility and philosophical depth they offer.

So, if you're planning to visit some of the best Japanese gardens in the world, take time to learn about Japanese gardens. Enjoy the serenity these spaces offer. Once you leave these gardens, you'll only find yourself wanting more visits to the next Japanese gardens.